Index by author
November 15, 2014; Volume 78,Issue 9
A
Airaksinen, Marja
- Integrating Internships with Professional Study in Pharmacy Education in FinlandKatja Pitkä, Ulla Löfhjelm, Sanna Passi and Marja AiraksinenAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 173; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789173
Allen, David
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
Alsharif, Naser Z.
- Knowledge, Skills—and Accountability?Naser Z. AlsharifAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 159; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789159
Alston, Greg L.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Anderson, Claire
- A Survey of Pharmacy Education in ThailandTeeraporn Chanakit, Bee Yean Low, Payom Wongpoowarak, Summana Moolasarn and Claire AndersonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 161; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789161
Anksorus, Heidi N.
- Long-term Results of an Analytical Assessment of Student Compounded PreparationsAngie M. Roark, Heidi N. Anksorus and Robert P. ShrewsburyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 164; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789164
B
Belliveau, Paul
- A Novel Structured Format for Engaging Pharmacy Students in Bioethics DiscussionsEvan R. Horton, Anna Morin, Helen C. Pervanas, S. Mimi Mukherjee and Paul BelliveauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 171; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789171
Bereznicki, Luke
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Bindoff, Ivan
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Bird, Eleanora
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Bradley-Baker, Lynette
- Which Comes First—Credentialing and Privileging in Pharmacy or Pharmacist Provider Status?Lynette Bradley-BakerAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 158; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789158
Brazeau, Gayle
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
Brooks, Lauren
- A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology CoursePeter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen and Lauren BrooksAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789165
Buring, Shauna M.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
C
Carr-Lopez, Sian M.
- The Utility of Concept Maps to Facilitate Higher-Level Learning in a Large Classroom SettingSian M. Carr-Lopez, Suzanne M. Galal, Deepti Vyas, Rajul A. Patel and Eric H. GnesaAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 170; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789170
Chalmers, Leanne
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Chanakit, Teeraporn
- A Survey of Pharmacy Education in ThailandTeeraporn Chanakit, Bee Yean Low, Payom Wongpoowarak, Summana Moolasarn and Claire AndersonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 161; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789161
Cosler, Leon E.
- Evaluating the Potential Impact of Pharmacist Counseling on Medication Adherence Using a Simulation ActivityLucio R. Volino, Rolee Pathak Das, Rupal Patel Mansukhani and Leon E. CoslerAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789169
Crismon, M. Lynn
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
D
Das, Rolee Pathak
- Evaluating the Potential Impact of Pharmacist Counseling on Medication Adherence Using a Simulation ActivityLucio R. Volino, Rolee Pathak Das, Rupal Patel Mansukhani and Leon E. CoslerAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789169
DiPiro, Joseph T.
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
DiVall, Margarita V.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
G
Galal, Suzanne M.
- The Utility of Concept Maps to Facilitate Higher-Level Learning in a Large Classroom SettingSian M. Carr-Lopez, Suzanne M. Galal, Deepti Vyas, Rajul A. Patel and Eric H. GnesaAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 170; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789170
Galinski, Christine N.
- Comparison of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences Among US Pharmacy ProgramsChristine N. Galinski, Patricia J. Horosz, Joshua J. Spooner and Daniel R. KennedyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 162; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789162
Gnesa, Eric H.
- The Utility of Concept Maps to Facilitate Higher-Level Learning in a Large Classroom SettingSian M. Carr-Lopez, Suzanne M. Galal, Deepti Vyas, Rajul A. Patel and Eric H. GnesaAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 170; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789170
Goldsmith, Carroll-Ann
- An Educational Program for Underserved Middle School Students to Encourage Pursuit of Pharmacy and Other Health Science CareersCarroll-Ann Goldsmith, Thao T. Tran and Linh TranAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 167; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789167
Gums, Tyler Harris
- Outcomes of Individualized Formative Assessments in a Pharmacy Skills LaboratoryTyler Harris Gums, Erika L. Kleppinger and Benjamin Y. UrickAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 166; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789166
H
Hagemeier, Nicholas E.
- A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology CoursePeter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen and Lauren BrooksAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789165
Horosz, Patricia J.
- Comparison of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences Among US Pharmacy ProgramsChristine N. Galinski, Patricia J. Horosz, Joshua J. Spooner and Daniel R. KennedyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 162; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789162
Horton, Evan R.
- A Novel Structured Format for Engaging Pharmacy Students in Bioethics DiscussionsEvan R. Horton, Anna Morin, Helen C. Pervanas, S. Mimi Mukherjee and Paul BelliveauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 171; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789171
K
Kelley, Katherine A.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Kennedy, Daniel R.
- Comparison of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences Among US Pharmacy ProgramsChristine N. Galinski, Patricia J. Horosz, Joshua J. Spooner and Daniel R. KennedyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 162; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789162
Kleppinger, Erika L.
- Outcomes of Individualized Formative Assessments in a Pharmacy Skills LaboratoryTyler Harris Gums, Erika L. Kleppinger and Benjamin Y. UrickAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 166; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789166
L
Lau, Vincent
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
Ling, Tristan
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Löfhjelm, Ulla
- Integrating Internships with Professional Study in Pharmacy Education in FinlandKatja Pitkä, Ulla Löfhjelm, Sanna Passi and Marja AiraksinenAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 173; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789173
Low, Bee Yean
- A Survey of Pharmacy Education in ThailandTeeraporn Chanakit, Bee Yean Low, Payom Wongpoowarak, Summana Moolasarn and Claire AndersonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 161; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789161
M
Mansukhani, Rupal Patel
- Evaluating the Potential Impact of Pharmacist Counseling on Medication Adherence Using a Simulation ActivityLucio R. Volino, Rolee Pathak Das, Rupal Patel Mansukhani and Leon E. CoslerAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789169
Meyer, Susan M.
- Council of Deans Report, July 2014M. Lynn Crismon, David Allen, Joseph T. DiPiro, Gayle Brazeau, Susan M. Meyer and Vincent LauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) S17; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789S17
Moolasarn, Summana
- A Survey of Pharmacy Education in ThailandTeeraporn Chanakit, Bee Yean Low, Payom Wongpoowarak, Summana Moolasarn and Claire AndersonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 161; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789161
Morin, Anna
- A Novel Structured Format for Engaging Pharmacy Students in Bioethics DiscussionsEvan R. Horton, Anna Morin, Helen C. Pervanas, S. Mimi Mukherjee and Paul BelliveauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 171; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789171
Mukherjee, S. Mimi
- A Novel Structured Format for Engaging Pharmacy Students in Bioethics DiscussionsEvan R. Horton, Anna Morin, Helen C. Pervanas, S. Mimi Mukherjee and Paul BelliveauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 171; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789171
Murphy, Nanci L.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
O
Ollington, Robert
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
P
Panus, Peter C.
- A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology CoursePeter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen and Lauren BrooksAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789165
Passi, Sanna
- Integrating Internships with Professional Study in Pharmacy Education in FinlandKatja Pitkä, Ulla Löfhjelm, Sanna Passi and Marja AiraksinenAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 173; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789173
Patel, Rajul A.
- The Utility of Concept Maps to Facilitate Higher-Level Learning in a Large Classroom SettingSian M. Carr-Lopez, Suzanne M. Galal, Deepti Vyas, Rajul A. Patel and Eric H. GnesaAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 170; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789170
Pervanas, Helen C.
- A Novel Structured Format for Engaging Pharmacy Students in Bioethics DiscussionsEvan R. Horton, Anna Morin, Helen C. Pervanas, S. Mimi Mukherjee and Paul BelliveauAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 171; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789171
Peterson, Gregory
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Pitkä, Katja
- Integrating Internships with Professional Study in Pharmacy Education in FinlandKatja Pitkä, Ulla Löfhjelm, Sanna Passi and Marja AiraksinenAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 173; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789173
R
Rajiah, Kingston
- The Effectiveness of Psychoeducation and Systematic Desensitization to Reduce Test Anxiety Among First-year Pharmacy StudentsKingston Rajiah and Coumaravelou SaravananAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 163; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789163
Roark, Angie M.
- Long-term Results of an Analytical Assessment of Student Compounded PreparationsAngie M. Roark, Heidi N. Anksorus and Robert P. ShrewsburyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 164; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789164
Roche, Victoria F.
- The Sustained, Positive Impact of a Native American Cultures and Health Course on Students’ Education and Practice-Related ChoicesVictoria F. RocheAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 172; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789172
S
Saravanan, Coumaravelou
- The Effectiveness of Psychoeducation and Systematic Desensitization to Reduce Test Anxiety Among First-year Pharmacy StudentsKingston Rajiah and Coumaravelou SaravananAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 163; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789163
Schlesselman, Lauren S.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Shrewsbury, Robert P.
- Long-term Results of an Analytical Assessment of Student Compounded PreparationsAngie M. Roark, Heidi N. Anksorus and Robert P. ShrewsburyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 164; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789164
Spooner, Joshua J.
- Comparison of Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experiences Among US Pharmacy ProgramsChristine N. Galinski, Patricia J. Horosz, Joshua J. Spooner and Daniel R. KennedyAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 162; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789162
Stewart, David W.
- A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology CoursePeter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen and Lauren BrooksAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789165
Stowe, Cindy D.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
Szilagyi, Julianna E.
- A Faculty Toolkit for Formative Assessment in Pharmacy EducationMargarita V. DiVall, Greg L. Alston, Eleanora Bird, Shauna M. Buring, Katherine A. Kelley, Nanci L. Murphy, Lauren S. Schlesselman, Cindy D. Stowe and Julianna E. SzilagyiAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789160
T
Thigpen, Jim C.
- A Subgroup Analysis of the Impact of Self-testing Frequency on Examination Scores in a Pathophysiology CoursePeter C. Panus, David W. Stewart, Nicholas E. Hagemeier, Jim C. Thigpen and Lauren BrooksAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 165; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789165
Tran, Linh
- An Educational Program for Underserved Middle School Students to Encourage Pursuit of Pharmacy and Other Health Science CareersCarroll-Ann Goldsmith, Thao T. Tran and Linh TranAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 167; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789167
Tran, Thao T.
- An Educational Program for Underserved Middle School Students to Encourage Pursuit of Pharmacy and Other Health Science CareersCarroll-Ann Goldsmith, Thao T. Tran and Linh TranAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 167; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789167
U
Urick, Benjamin Y.
- Outcomes of Individualized Formative Assessments in a Pharmacy Skills LaboratoryTyler Harris Gums, Erika L. Kleppinger and Benjamin Y. UrickAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 166; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789166
V
Volino, Lucio R.
- Evaluating the Potential Impact of Pharmacist Counseling on Medication Adherence Using a Simulation ActivityLucio R. Volino, Rolee Pathak Das, Rupal Patel Mansukhani and Leon E. CoslerAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 169; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789169
Vyas, Deepti
- The Utility of Concept Maps to Facilitate Higher-Level Learning in a Large Classroom SettingSian M. Carr-Lopez, Suzanne M. Galal, Deepti Vyas, Rajul A. Patel and Eric H. GnesaAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 170; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789170
W
Westbury, Juanita
- A Computer Simulation of Community Pharmacy Practice for Educational UseIvan Bindoff, Tristan Ling, Luke Bereznicki, Juanita Westbury, Leanne Chalmers, Gregory Peterson and Robert OllingtonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 168; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789168
Wongpoowarak, Payom
- A Survey of Pharmacy Education in ThailandTeeraporn Chanakit, Bee Yean Low, Payom Wongpoowarak, Summana Moolasarn and Claire AndersonAmerican Journal of Pharmaceutical Education November 2014, 78 (9) 161; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe789161