Entrepreneurial and Intrapreneurial Intentions of Student Pharmacists in Iran: The EIPQ Translation and Adaptation

Abstract

Objective. The main objective of this study is to identify factors and entrepreneurial characteristics associated with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions among student pharmacists in Iran.

Methods. Based on a standard back-translation procedure for questionnaire translation, the Entrepreneurial-Intrapreneurial Pharmacist Questionnaire (EIPQ) was first translated from English to Persian. The paper-based Persian-EIPQ questionnaire so developed was tested in a convenience sample of PharmD students in pharmacy schools in Iran. The entrepreneurial characteristics questionnaire was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach’s alpha. The association of demographics and educational variables and entrepreneurial characteristics with entrepreneurial and intrapreneurial intentions were determined using multiple linear regression model. All data analysis was conducted by using SPSS.

Results. A total of 504 surveys, 98.6% of the received questionnaire, were analyzed. A majority of the participants were female (75.8%), and between 18 and 25 years old (92.2%). Entrepreneurial intention had a positive and significant association with risk-taking propensity, leadership self-efficacy, autonomy, achievement motivation and having an entrepreneur in the family. Intrapreneurial intention had a positive and significant association with risk-taking propensity, leadership self-efficacy, achievement motivation, people liking, attending a private school and having an entrepreneur in the family.

Conclusion. Based on the findings, student pharmacists with higher levels of risk-taking propensity, achievement motivation, leadership self-efficacy, autonomy and people liking may be more likely to have greater levels of entrepreneurial and/or intrapreneurial intention